Figure 2.

Four-dot QCA gates. (a) The universal MV gate. The majority of the three fixed inputs, which is “0” in this figure, appears at the output as a result of Coulombic interactions and minimum energetics. (b) The inverter gate. (c) Truth table of the MV gate. When d₃ = ”0”, the MV gate performs AND logical operations on d₁ and d_2, and when d₃ = ”1” the MV gate functions as a two-input OR gate [25].