Figure 3.

The thermophoretic force, escaping velocity, and capture time of C₆₀ inside CNT. (a) Thermophoretic force as a function of the temperature gradient. The average system temperature is 400 K. An approximate linear relationship of the magnitude of the thermophoretic force and the thermal gradient was observed as . (b) The escaping velocity of C₆₀ was evaluated by calculating the required energy of C₆₀ from the cold bottom to the hot top according to the relationship of thermophoretic force and thermal gradient, which were clearly described in Additional file 1. (c) Velocity of C₆₀ under the heat flux of 6.5 eV/ps. (d) Capture time of C₆₀ as a function of heat flux.