Table 4

Average roughness of the nanofluid-boiled surfaces

Mass concentration

R (nm) of functionalized nanofluid-boiled surface

R (nm) of traditional nanofluid-boiled surface

0

35.1

35.1

0.5 wt.%

37.2

21.4

1.0 wt.%

34.5

23.9

1.5 wt.%

39.3

20.5

2.0 wt.%

40.8

21.1

2.5 wt.%

36.5

19.8

Yang and Liu Nanoscale Research Letters 2011 6:494   doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-494