Figure 6.

Schematic overview of research directions on individual dopants or coupled dopants in semiconductor devices. Individual donors, either isolated or in a many-donor channel, can be at the basis of a variety of applications: single dopant transistors, memory or turnstile devices in double- or multiple-dopant systems, and dopant optoelectronic devices based on photon-dopant interaction. Complementary directions can be towards dopant quantum computing or spintronics applications, as well as towards addressing the issue of random dopants in FETs. KFM can provide a way to directly observe effects associated with discrete dopants in operating devices.