Table 2 |
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|
Viscosity values |
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|
Sl.no. |
Reference |
Nanoparticle used |
Basefluid |
Concentration |
Temp range |
Percentage enhancement in viscosity |
|
|
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|
1 |
Praveen et al. [15] |
CuO (29 nm) |
60:40 (in weight) ethylene glycol and water mixture |
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.12% |
-35 to 50°C |
For 6.12% conc: 4.5 times @ 35°C and 3 times @ 50°C |
|
2 |
CuO (29 nm) Al2O3(36 and 47 nm) |
Water |
1-12% |
22 to 75°C |
CuO @ 9%: 7-10 times Al2O3(36 nm) @ 9%: 4.5-3.5 times Al2O3(47 nm) @ 9%: 5.4-4.4 times |
|
|
3 |
Chen et al. [17] |
Titanate nanotubes (diameter approx. 10 nm, length approx. 100 nm, aspect ratio approx. 10) |
Ethylene glycol |
0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0% by weight |
20-60°C |
@ 8%: High shear viscosity is in the range of 10-35 m Pa s |
|
4 |
Phuoc et al. [18] |
Fe2O3 (20-40 nm) |
Deionized water containing 0.2% polymer by weight as a dispersant. |
1, 2, 3, 4% |
25°C |
@ 2%: Infinite viscosity is 12.25 cP for 0.2% PEO (Polyethylene oxide) surfactant, and 2.58 cP for 0.2% PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) surfactant |
|
5 |
Garg et al. [19] |
MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube) (diameter of 10-20 nm, length of 0.5-40 μm) |
Deionized water with 0.25% by mass of gum Arabic |
1% by mass |
15 and 30°C |
Viscosity of nanofluids increases with sonication time. Beyond a critical sonication time it decreases due to increased breakage of CNTs |
|
6 |
Murshed et al. [20] |
TiO2 (15 nm)/Al2O3 (80 nm) |
Deionized water with Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant (0.1 mM) |
1-5% by volume |
- |
@ 5% of Al2O3 viscosity increases by 82% @ 4% of TiO2 viscosity increases by 82% |
|
7 |
Chena et al. [21] |
TiO2 (25 nm) and TNT (Titanate nanotubes) (diameter approx. 10 nm, length approx. 100 nm, aspect ratio approx. 10) |
Water, ethylene glycol |
0.1-1.8% by volume |
- |
@ 0.6% of water-TNT 80% increase in viscosity @ 1.8% EG-TNT 70% increase in viscosity @1.8% EG-TiO2 20% increase in viscosity |
|
8 |
Duangthongsuk et al. [4] |
TiO2 (21 nm) |
Water |
0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% with pH values of 7.5, 7.1, 7.0, 6.8, and 6.5, |
15, 25 and 30°C |
@ 15°C for the conc. range of 0.2-2% viscosity increases by 4-15%. |
|
9 |
Lee et al. [22] |
Al2O3 (30 ± 5 nm) |
Deionized water (DI) |
0.01-0.3 vol.% |
21-39°C |
@ 21°C for the conc. range of 0.01-0.3% viscosity is enhanced by 0.08-2.9% |
|
|
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|
Comparison of viscosity enhancement in various nanofluids. |
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|
Thomas and Balakrishna Panicker Sobhan Nanoscale Research Letters 2011 6:377 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-377 |
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